Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and the changes that it undergoes. It is a branch of physical science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of substances.
Chemistry is divided into several subfields, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and many others. Each of these subfields focuses on a particular aspect of chemistry.
In organic chemistry, the focus is on the study of compounds that contain carbon, while inorganic chemistry deals with compounds that do not contain carbon. Physical chemistry combines the principles of physics with chemistry to study the physical properties and behavior of matter, while analytical chemistry involves the use of various analytical techniques to identify and quantify substances.
Biochemistry is concerned with the chemical processes that occur within living organisms, while environmental chemistry deals with the study of the chemical interactions between humans and the environment.
Here’s a typical syllabus for Chemistry Class 11
- Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Matter and its nature
- Laws of chemical combinations
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Atomic and molecular masses
- Mole concept and molar mass
- Percentage composition and empirical formula
- Chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry
- Structure of Atom
- Discovery of subatomic particles
- Atomic models
- Quantum mechanical model of atom
- Electronic configuration of atoms and ions
- Periodic classification of elements and periodicity in properties
- Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Trends in physical and chemical properties
- Periodic law and its modern form
- Classification of elements into s, p, d, and f blocks
- General introduction to transition metals
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding
- Ionic and covalent bonding
- VSEPR theory and shape of molecules
- Valence bond theory
- Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals
- Molecular orbital theory and electronic configurations of diatomic molecules
- States of Matter
- Intermolecular forces
- Thermal energy
- Types of solids
- Liquids and their properties
- Gaseous state
- Gas laws
- Ideal gas equation
- Kinetic molecular theory of gases
- Thermodynamics
- System and surroundings
- State functions
- First law of thermodynamics
- Enthalpy
- Heat capacity
- Hess’s law of constant heat summation
- Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, and formation
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant
- Equilibrium
- Dynamic nature of equilibrium
- Law of mass action
- Equilibrium constant and its application
- Factors affecting equilibrium
- Ionic equilibrium
- Acid-base equilibrium
- Solubility equilibrium
- Redox Reactions
- Oxidation and reduction
- Redox reactions
- Electrode potential and electrochemical series
- Nernst equation and its application
- Concentration cells and batteries
- Hydrogen
- Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- Dihydrogen as a fuel
- Hydrides
- Water
- Hydrogen peroxide
- s-Block Elements
- General introduction
- Alkali metals
- Alkaline earth metals
- Anomalous properties of lithium
- p-Block Elements
- Introduction to p-block elements
- Group 13 elements
- Group 14 elements
- Allotropes of carbon
- Group 15 elements
- Group 16 elements
- Group 17 elements
- Group 18 elements
- Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- General introduction to organic chemistry
- Tetravalence of carbon
- Covalent bonding in carbon compounds
- Nomenclature of organic compounds
- Isomerism
- Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanism
- Fission of covalent bond
- Types of organic reactions
- Hydrocarbons
- Classification
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes
- Alkenes and alkynes
- Aromatic hydrocarbons
- Structure and properties of some important organic molecules
- Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental pollution
- Atmospheric pollution
- Water pollution
- Soil pollution
- Strategies to control environmental pollution
Here’s a typical syllabus for Chemistry Class 12
- Solid State
- Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids.
- Crystal lattice, unit cell, number of atoms per unit cell, crystal systems and Bravais lattices, calculation of density of unit cell.
- Imperfections in solids: point defects, line defects and surface defects.
- Solutions
- Types of solutions: ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties, abnormal molar masses.
- Raoult’s law, Henry’s law and their applications.
- Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical cells and their representation, electrode potential and its measurement.
- Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells.
- Conductance and conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
- Electrolysis and laws of electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, products of electrolysis.
- Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of a reaction, factors affecting rate of reaction, rate law and rate constant, order and molecularity of a reaction.
- Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions).
- Arrhenius equation, activation energy and catalyst.
- Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption: physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.
- Catalysis: types of catalysis, enzymes, colloidal state and its properties.
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, leaching, extraction of crude metal, thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in extraction.
- Refining of metals, oxidation and reduction processes.
- p-Block Elements
- Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties.
- Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen, sulphur – allotropic forms.
- Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties.
- Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
- d- and f- Block Elements
- General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds.
- Preparation and properties of some important compounds: potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide, cis and trans isomers, stability of coordination compounds.
- Coordination Compounds
- Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes of coordination compounds.
- Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).
- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Classification, nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions.
- Optical rotation.
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation,
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